Results Of 1,177 articles identified, 14 publications met the inclusion criteria and provided data on 2,283 patients, of whom 1,049 had died. Mechanically-stimulated ATP release from mammalian cells: systematic review and meta-analysis. Using an unsupervised k-means clustering approach (Lloyd, 1982), we can identify natural groupings within the study-level data and assign cluster memberships to these data (Figure 9A). For DBP, 7 studies (563 patients) with 4 drugs (captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and trandolapril) and placebo were included in the meta-analysis. (1985). about navigating our updated article layout. Emean, Emedian, Emin, and Emax are mean, median, minimum, and maximum % error respectively. 2020;108:154262. The Rexplained2 is a related statistic that can be used to describe the percent of total heterogeneity that was explained by the covariate and is estimated as. Also include the statistical software used to perform the analysis, including the version and manufacturer, along with any extension packages (eg, the svy suite of commands in Stata or the survival package in R). Outcomes and prognostic factors in 267 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Purpose. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097, O'Collins, V. E., Macleod, M. R., Donnan, G. A., Horky, L. L., van der Worp, B. H., and Howells, D. W. (2006). To maintain statistical powers that exceed those of the contributing studies in a random effects meta-analysis, at least five studies are required (Jackson and Turner, 2017). The patient, diagnostic, and treatment intervals in adult patients with cancer from high- and lower-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir, or combination therapy (FLARE): A randomised, double-blind, 2 2 factorial placebo-controlled trial of early antiviral therapy in COVID-19 Med. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a newly emerging disease that was first reported in China, and has subsequently spread worldwide. Qresidual is analogous to Qbetween computed during subgroup analysis and is used to test the degree of remaining unaccounted heterogeneity. Conducting a winning literature search. Evidence-based medical practice aims to consolidate best research evidence with clinical and patient expertise. J. To explore the remaining heterogeneity, additional subgroup analysis can be conducted by further stratifying method A and method B subgroups by other covariates. Study-level estimates for a fixed effect or random effects model are weighted using the inverse variance: These weights are used to calculate the global outcome ^ (Equation 3) and the corresponding standard error se(^): where N = number of datasets/studies. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, Abrams KR, Rushton L. Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis. This project examines First in Family (FiF) students in higher education, whose parents did not attend university and obtain a degree. While there is a consensus that rapid reviews do not sacrifice quality, or synthesize misrepresentative results (Haby et al., 2016), it is recommended that critical outcomes be later verified by systematic review (Ganann et al., 2010). When reviewers aim to estimate the absolute mean difference (absolute effect), normalized mean difference, response ratio or standardized mean difference (ex. Prevalence, severity and mortality associated with COPD and smoking in patients with COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Comparison of suppression of the circulating and vascular renin-angiotensin system by enalapril versus trandolapril in chronic heart failure. Search strategies can be validated using a selection of expected relevant studies. Chen L, Yu J, He W, Chen L, Yuan G, Dong F, Chen W, Cao Y, Yang J, Cai L. Risk factors for death in 1859 subjects with COVID-19. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Basic life science literature is rich with information, however methodically quantitative attempts to organize this information are rare. To begin with, we used Stata software (version 12.0, StataCorp, College Station, TX) to make pairwise meta-analyses. For the Ob [ATP]i dataset, the magnitude of the relationship between osteoblast differentiation day and intracellular ATP concentration was inconsistent between intrastudy and interstudy estimates, however the estimates were of consistent sign (Figure 10B). De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in EndNote. All meta-analytic efforts prescribe to a similar workflow, outlined as follows: Define primary and secondary objectives, Construct search strategy: rapid or systematic search, Screen studies and determine eligibility, 3) Extract and consolidate study-level data, Collect relevant study-level characteristics and experi-mental covariates, Estimate model parameters for complex relation-ships (optional), Evaluate extent of between-study inconsistency (heterogeneity), 5) Synthesize study-level data into summary measure, Pool data and calculate summary measure and confidence interval, Explore potential sources of heterogeneity (ex. Liu W, Tao Z-W, Wang L, Yuan M-L, Liu K, Zhou L, Wei S, Deng Y, Liu J, Liu H-G. Twenty-four studies evaluated the risk of COVID-19 mortality among male patients and showed a significantly higher risk and the pooled OR and HR were 1.45 (95% CI 1.411.51) and 1.24 (95% CI 1.071.41), respectively (Table 2 and Fig. Bur. Using the amstar checklist for rapid reviews: is it feasible? Suppression of the reninangiotensin system (RAS) by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors remains the mainstay of treatment for heart failure. 7A), CVD (pOR=1.83; 95% CI 1.502.17) (Fig. 9A). doi: 10.1177/0013164409344534, Mattivi, J. T., and Buchberger, B. Funnel plots have been widely used to assess the risk of bias and examine meta-analysis validity (Light and Pillemer, 1984; Borenstein, 2009). 2017 Dec;219:45-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.10.003. DMD mortality has been published in isolation across different countries, sources, and time periods, typically representing the experience of a single practice or selective population. Details of the comparisons are shown in Supplemental Table 7. At the level of study identification and inclusion for meta-analysis, systematic searches are preferred over rapid review search strategies, as narrow search strategies may omit relevant studies. Considering that age might influence the results, we made a meta-regression for age. Lancet. The study sample size ranged from 16 to 287. Lisinopril was associated with a higher rate of all-cause mortality compared with placebo (odds ratio 65.9, 95% credible interval 1.91 to 239.6) or ramipril (14.65, 1.23 to 49.5). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We used odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for direct evidences or 95% credible intervals (CrI) for indirect evidences to report dichotomous data. PMC Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential tools for synthesizing evidence needed to inform clinical decision making and policy. However, there are limitations with our work. High Throughput Screening Methods: Evolution and Refinement. 36, 148. Another assumption when analyzing TTE data is that there is sufficient follow-up time and number of events for adequate statistical power. Electronic databases including Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences (WOS), EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, COVID-19 Research Database (WHO), COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge, and Scopus, were systematically searched till 31 August 2020. To examine the association between COVID-19 mortality versus in with comorbidities, gender, smoking status, obesity, age, acute kidney injury, and D-dimer, we followed PRISMA guidelines [13] to perform the meta-analysis of the articles identified through our systematic reviews. B., Mullins, M. M., Lyles, C. M., Crepaz, N., Kay, L., and Thadiparthi, S. (2008). Heart failure is a public health problem and a great economic burden for patients and healthcare systems. Before conducting the primary analysis, some preliminary sensitivity analyses might be (eds) (2016) Meta-analysis in stata: an updated collection from the stata journal, 2nd edn. Graphical approaches, such as the histogram, are commonly used to assess the distribution of data; however, in a meta-analysis, they can misrepresent the true distribution of effect sizes that may be different due to unequal weights assigned to each study. Eleven RCTs, comparing IV to oral iron for treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy, were included. For random sequence generation domain, 4 studies were rated as low risk of bias. For HRA many more data need to be collected and the science will benefit in further improvements to the sensitivity of analysis in ongoing work in this field. The term is a bit grand, but it is precise and apt Meta-analysis refers to the analysis of analyses". Meta-analyses were performed with Stata software (College Station, TX), utilizing random effects model and method of DerSimonian and Laird. Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure, Rehospitalizations among patients in the medicare fee-for-service program. Nurs. Diabetes Res Clin Practice. The patient, diagnostic, and treatment intervals in adult patients with cancer from high- and lower-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir, or combination therapy (FLARE): A randomised, double-blind, 2 2 factorial placebo-controlled trial of early antiviral therapy in COVID-19 BMC Infectious Diseases Your email address, e.g. J. Epidemiol. The resulting global nonfiber recycling rate increased at a constant 0.7% per annum (p.a.) van Gerwen M, Alsen M, Little C, Barlow J, Genden E, Naymagon L, Tremblay D. Risk factors and outcomes of COVID-19 in New York City; a retrospective cohort study. Proc. A randomized double-blind trial of enalapril in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: effects on exercise tolerance and arterial distensibility, Converting enzyme inhibition and heart failure. The result of the Bayesian meta-analysis for the low-risk-of-bias studies using vague priors was consistent with the primary analysis, with a posterior probability of the RR of 0.96 (95% CrI, 0.88 to 1.04), with an 89.5% probability that balanced crystalloid solutions were associated with lower mortality compared with saline (Fig. Higgins and Thompson emphasized that a heterogeneity metric should be (i) dependent on magnitude of heterogeneity, (ii) independent of measurement scale, (iii) independent of sample size and (iv) easily interpretable (Higgins and Thompson, 2002). Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Of the three heterogeneity statistics Qtotal, H2 and I2 described, we recommend that H2 is used as it best satisfies the criteria for a heterogeneity statistic defined by Higgins and Thompson (2002). Most studies were single-center studies. Sorted by: Variables v11, v12, and v22 define the within-study covariance matrix for each study.. Constant-only model: Multivariate meta-analysis. ZGD is a postdoctoral student and TZ is senior professors at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. We identified 150 publications through Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences (WOS), EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, COVID-19 research database (WHO), COVID-19 open research dataset challenge, and Scopus database, of which, 14 studies that did not have numbers of hospital death, 31 reviews, 19 non-English, and 32 duplicates were excluded. You must have updated your disclosures within six months: http://submit.neurology.org. This process is iterated, updating the search strategy in each iterative step until the search strategy performs at a satisfactory level (Finfgeld-Connett and Johnson, 2013). We have implemented the z-distribution and t-distribution CI estimators into MetaLab. Another consideration is inconsistency between effect size units reported on the absolute scale, for example, protein concentrations can be reported as g/cell, mol/cell, g/g wet tissue or g/g dry tissue. The fixed effect model assumes that all the studies sample one true effect . J. Adv. Subgroup outcomes (fmol ATP/cell) estimated using sample-size weighting-scheme; black markers: Study-level outcomes 95% CI, marker sizes are proportional to sample size n. Orange and green bands: 95% CI for immature and mature osteoblast subgroups, respectively. Since accounting for heterogeneity is an essential part of any meta-analysis, it is of interest to identify influential studies that may contribute to the observed heterogeneity. Sensitivity of Chest CT for COVID-19: Comparison to RT-PCR. Reference 1 must be the article on which you are commenting. A. C. (2009). 2020;26(11):152536. Med. Enalapril significantly reduced systolic blood pressure when compared with placebo (standardized mean differences 0.6, 95% credible interval 1.03 to 0.18). The result of the Bayesian meta-analysis for the low-risk-of-bias studies using vague priors was consistent with the primary analysis, with a posterior probability of the RR of 0.96 (95% CrI, 0.88 to 1.04), with an 89.5% probability that balanced crystalloid solutions were associated with lower mortality compared with saline (Fig. 'Orthopedic Surgeon'. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Another assumption when analyzing TTE data is that there is sufficient follow-up time and number of events for adequate statistical power. Meta-analyses are not a tool for establishing causal inference. A total of 2099 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Early mortality is negligible both in the overall dataset and in each birth cohort. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. BiostatXL. 2020;103(3):11841190. Unlike clinical research, where consolidation efforts are facilitated by systematic review and meta-analysis, the basic sciences seldom use such rigorous quantitative methods. All the 42 studies were published in the year 2020. The data used in this review are reconstructed IPD and thus do not directly correspond to real patients. Weve included tips on identifying the research you need, how you go about downloading the data and preparing the data for analysis. By using this website, you agree to our COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of week 2 2021updated January 2021. https://covid19-country-overviews.ecdc.europa.eu/. Funnel plots with Egger weighted regression test were used for assessing publication bias [16]. Wilston, QLD: EpiGear International Pty Ltd. Baujat, B. Outcomes are on log10 scale, meta-regression markers sizes are proportional to weights. This seminar will show you how to perform a confirmatory factor analysis using lavaan in the R statistical programming language. 9B). Both captopril (odds ratio 76.2, 95% credible interval 1.56 to 149.3) and enalapril (274.4, 2.4 to 512.9) were associated with a higher incidence of cough compared to placebo. Ann Epidemiol. Prior to further analysis, reviewers have opportunity to manually curate and consolidate data from all sources. The statistical power reflects the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative is true. For this reason, sensitivity analysis with regard to waste management rates was conducted. Additionally, recording method accounted for a significant amount of heterogeneity (Qbetween, p < 0.001), however it represented only 4% (Rexplained2) of the total observed heterogeneity. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.009, Sheldrake, R. (1997). Lisinopril in the treatment of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: comparison versus captopril, [Clinical study of captopril (CS-522CHF) on chronic heart failure: multicenter double-blind study in comparison with placebo], Comparison of captopril with enalapril in the treatment of heart failure: influence on hemodynamics and measures of renal function, Functional renal insufficiency during long-term therapy with captopril and enalapril in severe chronic heart failure, Comparison of captopril and enalapril in patients with severe chronic heart failure, Effect of captopril on functional mitral regurgitation in dilated heart failure: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial, Enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. This seminar will introduce basic concepts of structural equation modeling using lavaan in the R statistical programming language. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, when there is no between-study variability (2 = 0), the random effects model reduces to a fixed effect model. Haffner CA, Kendall MJ, Struthers AD, et al. where Pj is the weighted frequency for bin j, wij is the weight for the effect size in bin j from study i, and nBins is the total number of bins. Simple heterogeneity variance estimation for meta-analysis. Synth. Studies that strongly influence the global outcome and contribute to heterogeneity are visualized in the upper right corner of the plot (Figure 8B). A theoretical distribution describes the probability of any given possible outcome occurrence for a phenomenon. The birth cohorts were defined to evenly split patients and to investigate trends in life expectancy over time. This seminar will show you how to perform a confirmatory factor analysis using lavaan in the R statistical programming language. J Gen Intern Med. [ 41 ] observed that total carbohydrates had no effect on the risk of diabetes. Introducing nanotextured interfaces simultaneously increases the light-harvesting ability, optoelectronic properties and fabrication yield of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. The resulting global nonfiber recycling rate increased at a constant 0.7% per annum (p.a.) Breastfeeding matters for childrens cognitive development, but disadvantaged mothers who give birth at the weekend are less likely to breastfeed, owing to poorer breastfeeding support in hospitals, finds a new UCL study. Eur Respir J. Standardized mean differences, such Hedges' g or Cohen d, report the outcome as the size of the effect (difference between the means of experimental and control groups) relative to the overall variance (pooled and weighted standard deviation of combined experimental and control groups). Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, Zaki R, Tan Z, Bibi S, Baghbanzadeh M, Aghamohammadi N, Zhang W, Haque U. doi: 10.1177/1536867X0400400204, Thompson, S. G., and Higgins, J. P. (2002). Copenhagen. (Eds.) Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Version 2.0.1.5. UCL Social Research Institute, We use cookies to help our website work better. In such cases, conversion to a common representation is required for comparison across studies, for which appropriate experimental parameters and calibrations need to be extracted from the studies. The studies were performed worldwide, including Europe, the United States, Chile, and Japan, and covered a range of birth, clinic admittance, and death cohorts, with the earliest being born in 1954 and the latest in the late 2000s. The most commonly used measure of precision is the inverse variance which is a composite measure of total variance and sample size, such that studies with larger sample sizes and lower experimental errors are more reliable and more heavily weighed. Two articles performed slightly more poorly than the rest, 1 due to poor reporting of methods of diagnosis and analysis19 and the other to the article being an editorial and providing insufficient detail.25, Results From the JBI Tool for Assessing Bias. 2022 Jun 25;2022:9192655. doi: 10.1155/2022/9192655. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. In general, based on initial evaluation of full texts, each study is scored to reflect the study's overall quality and scientific rigor. The term "meta-analysis" was coined in 1976 by the statistician Gene V. Glass, who stated "my major interest currently is in what we have come to call the meta-analysis of research. In this meta-analysis, IV iron is superior to oral iron for treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Abbreviations: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, AMI = acute myocardial infarction, CI = confidence interval, CKD = chronic kidney disease, CrI = credible interval, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, ESC = European Society of Cardiology, HF = heart failure, LV = left ventricular, MAP = mean arterial pressure, NYHA = New York Heart Association, ORs = odds ratios, RAS = reninangiotensin system, RCT = randomized controlled trials, SBP = systolic blood pressure, SMDs = standardized mean differences, SUCRA = surface under the cumulative ranking probabilities. Identifying all sources of bias is unfeasible, however, tools are available to estimate the extent of bias present. 2). In this meta-analysis, IV iron is superior to oral iron for treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy. The goal of this study is to present a brief theoretical foundation, Funnel plot for publication bias of effect of comorbidities, age, smoking status, obesity, acute kidney injury, gender, and D-dimer on fatal outcome of COVID-19. Figure 2A illustrates the survival probabilities from the digitized data. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.12.016. Alternatively, a Monte Carlo simulation approach (Cox et al., 2003) allows for the propagation of study-level variances (uncertainty in the model inputs) to the uncertainty in the model parameter estimates (Figure 5). Therefore, it is prudent to characterize the underlying distribution of study-level effects and perform transformations to normalize distributions to preserve the inferential integrity of the meta-analysis. Coronary Artery Dis. Figure 3. We integrated the pre-characterized physical model of super-resolution (SR) microscopy into a deep neural network to guide the denoising of raw images for high-quality SR image reconstruction. Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Effects of captopril and enalapril on renal function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure, Induction of a reduction in haemoglobin concentration by enalapril in stable, moderate heart failure: a double blind study. WRA is common among working-age adults with asthma and impacts individual health, worklife and income but is often not detected by healthcare services. Sensitivity analysis: User-specified values for heterogeneity parameters tau2 and I2 Meta-analysis summary. In the presence of bias, meta-analysis outcomes are often contradicted by higher quality large sample-sized studies (Egger et al., 1997), thereby compromising the validity of the meta-analytic study. Clin Infect Dis. However, there are several criteria for causality that can be investigated through exploratory analyses that include consistency, strength of association, dose-dependence and plausibility (Weed, 2000, 2010). Medicine (Baltimore). BMJ. Obesity. Confidence intervals can then be computed using * in place of : Meta-regression attempts to explain heterogeneity by examining the relationship between study-level outcomes and continuous covariates while incorporating the influence of categorical covariates (Figure 10A). Depending on the purpose of the review product, study-level outcomes i can be expressed as one of several effect size measures. Two more were excluded for a potential overlap of patients; in both instances, a larger study was conducted by the same authors in the same location that was eligible for inclusion, so the smaller study was excluded. 15:35. doi: 10.1186/s12874-015-0024-z, Weed, D. L. (2000). Albitar O, Ballouze R, Ooi JP, Ghadzi SMS. J. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. Karabatsos, G., Talbott, E., and Walker, S. G. (2015). The data used in this review are reconstructed IPD and thus do not directly correspond to real patients. Study-level effect sizes i can be related to the logarithmic mean i through the forward log transformation, meta-analyzed on the logarithmic scale, and back-transformed to the original scale using one of the back-transformation methods (Table 4). Once study scores have been assembled, study-level aggregate quality scores are determined by summing the number of satisfied criteria, and then evaluating how outcome estimates and heterogeneity vary with study quality. The next step is to compile the meta-analytic data set, which reviewers will use in subsequent analysis. While these packages can be adapted to basic science projects, difficulties may arise due to specific features of basic science studies, such as large and complex datasets and heterogeneity in experimental methodology. Yuan Y-d, Yang Y-b, Yan Y-q, Akdis CA, Gao Y-d. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Before Our research The research we do at CLS covers issues that affect all our lives: education and learning, social mobility, health and wellbeing, families and family life, and ageing. We performed search on Nov 27th, 2014, and found 4885 references. Cardiol Rev. 8B). Overall, the performance of a meta-analysis is heavily influenced by the choice of weighting scheme and data transformation (Figure 7). To validate the performance of the MetaLab Data Extraction Module, we generated figures using 319 synthetic data points plotted with varying markers sizes (Figure 4C). 2020;52(7):35460. Risk factors for hospitalization and mortality due to COVID-19 in Esprito Santo State, Brazil. Funnel plots were plotted for the included studies in the meta-analysis, which suggested that there is no noticeable bias in the studies of our meta-analysis (Fig. Online ISSN:1526-632X, The most widely read and highly cited peer-reviewed neurology journal. 2017;46(3):36478. One important consideration the reviewer should attend to is the normality of the study-level effects distributions assumed by most meta-analytic methods.
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